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fd67cfb1bd
Author: Fedor Katurov <gotham48@gmail.com>
Date: Sun Nov 27 19:29:56 2022 +0600
added webgl basics
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documentation<!--]--></a></h2><ul><!--[--><li><!--[--><a href="https://open.gl/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><!--[-->https://open.gl/<!--]--></a><!--]--></li><li><!--[-->This youtube series: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kB0ZVUrI4Aw" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><!--[-->Basics<!--]--></a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yLL9ADo-ko" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><!--[-->Making a cube, applying transformations<!--]--></a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hpnd11doMgc&t=52s" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><!--[-->Texturing<!--]--></a><!--]--></li><!--]--></ul><h2 id="vertices-and-indices"><a href="#vertices-and-indices"><!--[-->Vertices and Indices<!--]--></a></h2><p><!--[--><strong><!--[-->Vertices<!--]--></strong> are points with specific coordinates <code><!--[-->{x,y,z}<!--]--></code> in a 3D-space. We can build any figure by connecting <strong><!--[-->vertices<!--]--></strong> in triangles with <strong><!--[-->indices<!--]--></strong>.<!--]--></p><h2 id="shaders"><a href="#shaders"><!--[-->Shaders<!--]--></a></h2><p><!--[-->Shaders are functions, written in C, which describe how to draw and color polygons to Graphic Card.<!--]--></p><p><!--[--><a href="/frontend/webgl/vertex-shaders" class=""><!--[-->Vertex Shaders<!--]--></a> describe <strong><!--[-->vertice<!--]--></strong> positions, so Graphic Card can position them by connecting with <strong><!--[-->indices<!--]--></strong> and project to 2D canvas.<!--]--></p><p><!--[--><a href="/frontend/webgl/fragment-shaders" class=""><!--[-->Fragment Shaders<!--]--></a> describe the way polygons should be colored by assigning colors to Vertices or by applying textures to polygons.<!--]--></p><p><!--[-->Shaders can have parameters passed from Javascript code (<code><!--[-->uniforms<!--]--></code>, <code><!--[-->varyings<!--]--></code> and <code><!--[-->attributes<!--]--></code>). <a href="/frontend/webgl/fragment-shaders" class=""><!--[-->Fragment Shaders<!--]--></a> can also access data from <a href="/frontend/webgl/vertex-shaders" class=""><!--[-->Vertex Shaders<!--]--></a> (that ones called <code><!--[-->varyings<!--]--></code>).<!--]--></p><p><!--[--><img src="https://open.gl/media/img/c2_pipeline.png" alt><!--]--></p><h2 id="program"><a href="#program"><!--[-->Program<!--]--></a></h2><p><!--[-->Program, as far I understand, is a scene, that's described with <strong><!--[-->Vertices<!--]--></strong>, <strong><!--[-->Indices<!--]--></strong>, specific <a href="/frontend/webgl/vertex-shaders" class=""><!--[-->Vertex Shaders<!--]--></a> and <a href="/frontend/webgl/fragment-shaders" class=""><!--[-->Fragment Shaders<!--]--></a>.<!--]--></p><h2 id="applying-transformations"><a href="#applying-transformations"><!--[-->Applying transformations<!--]--></a></h2><p><!--[-->The best way to change positions inside <a href="/frontend/webgl/vertex-shaders" class=""><!--[-->Vertex Shaders<!--]--></a> or color in <a href="/frontend/webgl/fragment-shaders" class=""><!--[-->Fragment Shaders<!--]--></a> is to pass parameters (also called <code><!--[-->uniforms<!--]--></code> and <code><!--[-->varyings<!--]--></code>).<!--]--></p><p><!--[-->Read about that at <a href="https://open.gl/transformations" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><!--[-->open.gl<!--]--></a> and at <a href="/frontend/webgl/vertex-shaders" class=""><!--[-->Vertex Shaders<!--]--></a>.<!--]--></p><h2 id="source-code-with-explanations"><a href="#source-code-with-explanations"><!--[-->Source code with explanations<!--]--></a></h2><div class="_wrapper_1pe7v_1"><button class="_language_1pe7v_9"><span class="_icon_1pe7v_5"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="12" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z"></path></svg></span><span>typescript</span></button><!--[--><pre><code><span class="line"><span class="ct-03b3df">// render-a-cube.ts</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-3be404">import</span><span class="ct-505858"> { </span><span class="ct-516446">createShader</span><span class="ct-505858"> } </span><span class="ct-3be404">from</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-ccae6d">"./create-shader"</span><span class="ct-505858">;</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-3be404">import</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">vxShader</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">from</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-ccae6d">"./vertex.glsl?raw"</span><span class="ct-505858">;</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-3be404">import</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">fgShader</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">from</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-ccae6d">"./fragment.glsl?raw"</span><span class="ct-505858">;</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-a9317a">const</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">canvas</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">=</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">document</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">getElementyId</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-ccae6d">'view'</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-a9317a">const</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">ctx</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">=</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">canvas</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">getRenderingContext</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-ccae6d">'webgl'</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-03b3df">// This one should be put inside requestAnimationFrame</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-d86af1">drawCube</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">ctx</span><span class="ct-505858">)(); </span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-a9317a">function</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-d86af1">drawCube</span><span class="ct-505858"> (</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-520c6a"> </span><span class="ct-498d8f">gl</span><span class="ct-46980c">:</span><span class="ct-520c6a"> </span><span class="ct-cafa59">WebGL2RenderingContext</span><span class="ct-520c6a">, </span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-520c6a"> </span><span class="ct-498d8f">width</span><span class="ct-46980c">:</span><span class="ct-520c6a"> </span><span class="ct-7639ed">number</span><span class="ct-520c6a">,</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-520c6a"> </span><span class="ct-498d8f">height</span><span class="ct-46980c">:</span><span class="ct-520c6a"> </span><span class="ct-7639ed">number</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858">) {</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// Initializing viewport</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">viewport</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">0</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-516446">width</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-516446">height</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">clearColor</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">0</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">0</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">0</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">clear</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">COLOR_BUFFER_BIT</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-a9317a">const</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">prg</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">=</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">createProgram</span><span class="ct-505858">();</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">if</span><span class="ct-505858"> (</span><span class="ct-3be404">!</span><span class="ct-516446">prg</span><span class="ct-505858">) {</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">throw</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">new</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-a8a068">Error</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-ccae6d">"Can't init programm"</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> }</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// Setting up VERTEX and FRAGMENT shaders</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-a9317a">const</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">vx</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">=</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-d86af1">createShader</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-516446">vxShader</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">VERTEX_SHADER</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">attachShader</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">prg</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-516446">vx</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-a9317a">const</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">fx</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">=</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-d86af1">createShader</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-516446">fgShader</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">FRAGMENT_SHADER</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">attachShader</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">prg</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-516446">fx</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">linkProgram</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">prg</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">if</span><span class="ct-505858"> (</span><span class="ct-3be404">!</span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">getProgramParameter</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">prg</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">LINK_STATUS</span><span class="ct-505858">)) {</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">throw</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">new</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-a8a068">Error</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-ccae6d">"Could not initialise shaders"</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> }</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// Cube's vertices Array<[x,y,z]>, 8 items</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-a9317a">const</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">vertices</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">=</span><span class="ct-505858"> [</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">-</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-3be404">-</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-3be404">-</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// 0</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-3be404">-</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-3be404">-</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// 1</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-3be404">-</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// 2</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">-</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-3be404">-</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// 3</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">-</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-3be404">-</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// 4</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-3be404">-</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// 5</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// 6</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">-</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// 7</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> ];</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// Cube's indices, that connect vertices</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-a9317a">const</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">indices</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">=</span><span class="ct-505858"> [</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">2</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">0</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">0</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">3</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">2</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">0</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">4</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">7</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">7</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">3</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">0</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">0</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">5</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">5</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">4</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">0</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">2</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">6</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">6</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">5</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">2</span><span class="ct-505858">,</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">3</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">7</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">7</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">6</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">2</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">4</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">5</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">6</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">6</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">7</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">4</span><span class="ct-505858">,</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> ];</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">//The following code snippet creates a vertex buffer and binds the vertices to it</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-a9317a">const</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">squareVertexBuffer</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">=</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">createBuffer</span><span class="ct-505858">();</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">bindBuffer</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">ARRAY_BUFFER</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-516446">squareVertexBuffer</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">bufferData</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">ARRAY_BUFFER</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-3be404">new</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-a8a068">Float32Array</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">vertices</span><span class="ct-505858">), </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">STATIC_DRAW</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">bindBuffer</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">ARRAY_BUFFER</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-eba289">null</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// create a vertex buffer and bind the indices to it</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-a9317a">const</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">squareIndexBuffer</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">=</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">createBuffer</span><span class="ct-505858">();</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">bindBuffer</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-516446">squareIndexBuffer</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">bufferData</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER</span><span class="ct-505858">,</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">new</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-a8a068">Uint16Array</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">indices</span><span class="ct-505858">),</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">STATIC_DRAW</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> );</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">bindBuffer</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-eba289">null</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// initial drawing</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">clearColor</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">0.0</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">0.0</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">0.0</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">enable</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">DEPTH_TEST</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">clear</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">COLOR_BUFFER_BIT</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">|</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">viewport</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">0</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-516446">width</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-516446">height</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// Bind squareVertexBuffer as vertex positions buffer</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">bindBuffer</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">ARRAY_BUFFER</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-516446">squareVertexBuffer</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// Send every 3 bytes from squareVertexBuffer as {x,y,z} for each verticle</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">vertexAttribPointer</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">getAttribLocation</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">prg</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-ccae6d">"aVertexPosition"</span><span class="ct-505858">), </span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">3</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// 3 bytes-long</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">FLOAT</span><span class="ct-505858">,</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-eba289">false</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// don't normalize (int to float)</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">0</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">0</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> );</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// Send vertice buffer as `aVertexPosition` inside vertex shader</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">enableVertexAttribArray</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">getAttribLocation</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">prg</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-ccae6d">"aVertexPosition"</span><span class="ct-505858">)</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> );</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-a9317a">let</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">i</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">=</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">0</span><span class="ct-505858">;</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-a9317a">let</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">speed</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">=</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">0.01</span><span class="ct-505858">;</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// that's the main rendering callback</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">return</span><span class="ct-505858"> () </span><span class="ct-a9317a">=></span><span class="ct-505858"> {</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">useProgram</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">prg</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-a9317a">const</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">scale</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">=</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">i</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">*</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">0.25</span><span class="ct-505858">;</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// That will be used for scaling inside Vertex Shader</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">uniform1f</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">getUniformLocation</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">prg</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-ccae6d">"slide"</span><span class="ct-505858">), </span><span class="ct-516446">scale</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// GL Screen is square, so we need to fix it's aspect ration</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">uniform1f</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">getUniformLocation</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">prg</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-ccae6d">"aspect"</span><span class="ct-505858">), </span><span class="ct-516446">height</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">/</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">width</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">bindBuffer</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-516446">squareIndexBuffer</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">drawElements</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">TRIANGLES</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">indices</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">UNSIGNED_SHORT</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">0</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> );</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">if</span><span class="ct-505858"> (</span><span class="ct-516446">i</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">></span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">||</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">0</span><span class="ct-505858">) {</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">speed</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">=</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">-</span><span class="ct-516446">speed</span><span class="ct-505858">;</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> }</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">i</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">+=</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">speed</span><span class="ct-505858">;</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> };</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858">};</span></span></code></pre><!--]--></div><h2 id="shader-compiler"><a href="#shader-compiler"><!--[-->Shader compiler<!--]--></a></h2><div class="_wrapper_1pe7v_1"><button class="_language_1pe7v_9"><span class="_icon_1pe7v_5"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="12" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z"></path></svg></span><span>typescript</span></button><!--[--><pre><code><span class="line"><span class="ct-03b3df">// create-shader.ts</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-3be404">export</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-a9317a">const</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-d86af1">createShader</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">=</span><span class="ct-505858"> (</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-520c6a"> </span><span class="ct-498d8f">gl</span><span class="ct-46980c">:</span><span class="ct-520c6a"> </span><span class="ct-cafa59">WebGL2RenderingContext</span><span class="ct-520c6a">,</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-520c6a"> </span><span class="ct-498d8f">sourceCode</span><span class="ct-46980c">:</span><span class="ct-520c6a"> </span><span class="ct-7639ed">string</span><span class="ct-520c6a">,</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-520c6a"> </span><span class="ct-498d8f">type</span><span class="ct-46980c">:</span><span class="ct-520c6a"> </span><span class="ct-7639ed">number</span><span class="ct-520c6a">, </span><span class="ct-636b7a">// gl.VERTEX_SHADER or gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858">) </span><span class="ct-a9317a">=></span><span class="ct-505858"> {</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-a9317a">const</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">shader</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">=</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">createShader</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">type</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">if</span><span class="ct-505858"> (</span><span class="ct-3be404">!</span><span class="ct-516446">shader</span><span class="ct-505858">) {</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">throw</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">new</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-a8a068">Error</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-ccae6d">`Can't init shader`</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> }</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">shaderSource</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">shader</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-516446">sourceCode</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">compileShader</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">shader</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">if</span><span class="ct-505858"> (</span><span class="ct-3be404">!</span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">getShaderParameter</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">shader</span><span class="ct-505858">, </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">COMPILE_STATUS</span><span class="ct-505858">)) {</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-a9317a">const</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-dbd4e3">info</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">=</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">gl</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-d86af1">getShaderInfoLog</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">shader</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">throw</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-ccae6d">`Could not compile WebGL program. </span><span class="ct-57374d">\n\n</span><span class="ct-ccae6d">${</span><span class="ct-516446">info</span><span class="ct-ccae6d">}`</span><span class="ct-505858">;</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> }</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-3be404">return</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-516446">shader</span><span class="ct-505858">;</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858">};</span></span></code></pre><!--]--></div><h2 id="vertex-shader-example"><a href="#vertex-shader-example"><!--[-->Vertex Shader Example<!--]--></a></h2><div class="_wrapper_1pe7v_1"><button class="_language_1pe7v_9"><span class="_icon_1pe7v_5"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="12" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z"></path></svg></span><span>c</span></button><!--[--><pre><code><span class="line"><span class="ct-03b3df">// current vertice position {x,y,z,w}</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858">attribute vec4 aVertexPosition;</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-03b3df">// final vertice position with all transformations applied,</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-03b3df">// that will be passed to Fragment Shader</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858">varying vec4 v_positionWithOffset;</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-03b3df">// Parameters passed from Javascript loop</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858">uniform </span><span class="ct-a9317a">float</span><span class="ct-505858"> slide;</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858">uniform </span><span class="ct-a9317a">float</span><span class="ct-505858"> aspect;</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-a9317a">void</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-d86af1">main</span><span class="ct-505858">(){</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// float array of 4 elements, same as [slide,slide,slide,1]</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> vec4 scale</span><span class="ct-3be404">=</span><span class="ct-d86af1">vec4</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-d86af1">vec3</span><span class="ct-505858">(slide),</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// float array of 4 elements, same as [aspect,1,1,1]</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> vec4 aspectRatioFix</span><span class="ct-3be404">=</span><span class="ct-d86af1">vec4</span><span class="ct-505858">(aspect,</span><span class="ct-d86af1">vec3</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">));</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// vertice position, multiplied with matrices of scale and aspect ratio</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> gl_Position</span><span class="ct-3be404">=</span><span class="ct-505858">aVertexPosition</span><span class="ct-3be404">*</span><span class="ct-505858">scale</span><span class="ct-3be404">*</span><span class="ct-505858">aspectRatioFix,</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// vertice offset, that will be passed to fragment shader</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> v_positionWithOffset</span><span class="ct-3be404">=</span><span class="ct-505858">gl_Position</span><span class="ct-3be404">+</span><span class="ct-d86af1">vec4</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">,</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">,</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">,</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858">}</span></span></code></pre><!--]--></div><h2 id="fragment-shader-example"><a href="#fragment-shader-example"><!--[-->Fragment Shader Example<!--]--></a></h2><div class="_wrapper_1pe7v_1"><button class="_language_1pe7v_9"><span class="_icon_1pe7v_5"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="12" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z"></path></svg></span><span>c</span></button><!--[--><pre><code><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858">precision highp </span><span class="ct-a9317a">float</span><span class="ct-505858">;</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-03b3df">// parameter from Vertex Shader</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858">varying vec4 v_positionWithOffset;</span></span><span class="line"></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-a9317a">void</span><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-d86af1">main</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-a9317a">void</span><span class="ct-505858">){</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// color, attached to current verticle {r,g,b,alpha}</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// same a[</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// v_positionWithOffset.x,</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// v_positionWithOffset.y, </span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// v_positionWithOffset.z, </span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// 1</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> </span><span class="ct-03b3df">// ]</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858"> gl_FragColor</span><span class="ct-3be404">=</span><span class="ct-d86af1">vec4</span><span class="ct-505858">(</span><span class="ct-516446">v_positionWithOffset</span><span class="ct-505858">.</span><span class="ct-516446">xyz</span><span class="ct-505858">,</span><span class="ct-f5bfb4">1</span><span class="ct-505858">);</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ct-505858">}</span></span></code></pre><!--]--></div><style>.ct-57374d{color:#79C0FF}.ct-636b7a{color:#8B949E}.ct-eba289{color:#79C0FF}.ct-a8a068{color:#79C0FF}.ct-f5bfb4{color:#79C0FF}.ct-7639ed{color:#79C0FF}.ct-cafa59{color:#FFA657}.ct-46980c{color:#FF7B72}.ct-498d8f{color:#FFA657}.ct-520c6a{color:#C9D1D9}.ct-d86af1{color:#D2A8FF}.ct-dbd4e3{color:#79C0FF}.ct-a9317a{color:#FF7B72}.ct-ccae6d{color:#A5D6FF}.ct-516446{color:#C9D1D9}.ct-505858{color:#C9D1D9}.ct-3be404{color:#FF7B72}.ct-03b3df{color:#8B949E}.light .ct-03b3df{color:#93A1A1}.light .ct-3be404{color:#859900}.light .ct-505858{color:#657B83}.light .ct-516446{color:#268BD2}.light .ct-ccae6d{color:#2AA198}.light .ct-a9317a{color:#073642}.light .ct-dbd4e3{color:#268BD2}.light .ct-d86af1{color:#268BD2}.light .ct-520c6a{color:#657B83}.light .ct-498d8f{color:#657B83}.light .ct-46980c{color:#859900}.light .ct-cafa59{color:#268BD2}.light .ct-7639ed{color:#859900}.light .ct-f5bfb4{color:#D33682}.light .ct-a8a068{color:#859900}.light .ct-eba289{color:#B58900}.light .ct-636b7a{color:#93A1A1}.light .ct-57374d{color:#CB4B16}</style></div></article><!--]--></main><!--]--><!--]--></div><footer class="_footer_ogxvf_1 _footer_vom09_18 _footer_vom09_18"><div>btw, have a nice day</div><div class="_filler_ogxvf_9"></div><div> (2018 - 2022) <a href="https://github.com/muerwre/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">muerwre</a></div></footer></div></div></div></div></div><script type="module">import p from "/frontend/webgl/basics-of-webgl-(drawing-a-cube)/_payload.js";window.__NUXT__={...p,...((function(a,b,c,d,e,f){return 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